Should Parents Be Obliged to Immunise Their Children Against Childhood Diseases Essay Example for Free

Should Parents Be Obliged to Immunise Their Children Against Childhood Diseases EssaySome people argue that the state does not go through the unspoilt to make parents immunise their children. However, I feel the question is not whether they should immunise but whether, as members of society, they have the right not to.Preventative medicine has proved to be the more or less effective way of reducing the incidence of fatal childhood diseases. As a result of the widespread practice of immunising young children in our society, many lives have been saved and the diseases have been reduced to almost zero. In previous centuries children died from ordinary illnesses such as influenza and tuberculosis and because few people had immunity, the diseases spread easily. Diseases such as dysentery were the result of poor hygiene but these have long been eradicated since the arrival of honourable sanitation and clean water. Nobody would suggest that we should reverse this good practice now because dysentery has been wiped out.Serious diseases such as polio and smallpox have also been eradicated through national immunisation programmes. In consequence, children not immunized are far less at risk in this disease-free society than they would otherwise be. Parents choosing not to immunise are relying on the fact that the diseases have already been eradicated. If the number of parents choosing not to immunise increased, there would be a similar increase in the risk of the diseases returning.Immunisation is not an issue like seatbelts which affects only when the individual. A decision not to immunise will have widespread repercussions for the whole of society and for this reason, I do not believe that individuals have the right to stand aside. In my opinion immunisation should be obligatory.

Brave New World Essay Example for Free

Brave New military man EssayImagine living in a world with no mom and dad, and that at any of your sides you gossip many copies of yourself, and the further union you make out is the one made up of many sort of hierarchy where you ar not allowed to hire any feelings or even pretend. This is the world depicted in the book Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. The book was published in 1932, he was looking to provide people a picture of a future correctionist society full of acquirement and happiness, only this vision somehow became the world we live in now. In the novel Brave New World, Huxley gives us a view of a society that can only achieve stability through fictional happiness. This is an example of a Utopian society that attempted to create a perfect society. At that time, changes in science were becoming frequent and Huxley noticed these changes. With the invention of the assembly line, the Ford Company allowed people to afford cars. Huxley was able to see where thes e advances in science were leading. When a person thinks of a utopia he or she thinks of a place where everyone is happy, with no diseases, where anger and sadness do not exist.As the slogan of this world says Community, Identity, Stability. These three words hang in a sign over the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, this creates and conditions new human life. These words be the slogan for this society. Community means that all persons must work together to maximize the greatest happiness for society as a whole, and it occurs through the artificially implanted ideas of Identity that each person has. Regardless of the hierarchy they have, each person is supposed to be happy with their own identity.And Stability is the ultimate finish of society beca map only through stability can happiness be maintained and all unpleasant feelings and emotions be eradicated. We are living in a Brave New World society in the present days. In the novel, people were being cloned and t heir lives had been already planned even before their birth with the use of psychological technologies to control the future behavior. Conditioning, combined with prenatal treatment, created individuals without individuality each one was programmed to behave the way the government wanted.The citizens mind was being manipulated basically through the use of drugs and propaganda. The principle of sleep-teaching or hypnopaedia, had been discovered. He critiques modern government institutions whose power and ideals has slowly inserted into the minds of ordinary people. They teaching the children with some kind of propaganda while they were sleeping, the go forth play a message that they wanted all those children to know for the rest of their lives.The book was written familys ago, really far from our time, but the scary trueness is that we are living in the same standards as the world idea of Huxley. Together with the media, our government manipulates us to do what they want. For exa mple, those TV commercials of cell phones that tells us to profane smart phones because they are better and then year after year they come up with improvements that are not real and we buy them because we think they are going to be better but we are just being stupid consumers giving money to those big companies.The government approves this because by consumerism, we generate the carry of much therefore, more production, more jobs and will better the economy. This utopian society, had also its benefits. Their liberalism respecting relationship and sex, was not as bad because they had no compromises. the government taught them not to have serious relationships with other people. There were no family value, they encouraged to freely have sex with any person they wanted because sex would make them happy.We can see this, when Lenina tells Fanny that shes been sleeping with the same guy during four months and Fanny responds Its such a horribly bad form to go on and on like this with o ne man have somebody else from time to time, thats all. They do not condone exclusivity in a relationship, because that involved feelings of savour and family and could lead to a disturbance on their social stability. We can totally mirror this in our present society. For example, few days ago a lawfulness gave underage girls the ability to purchase the morning after pill.This liberalism in sexuality is bad in the long run. This is allowing children to start their sexual life earlier, when thirteen year old kids are already having sex, there would be no exclusivity by the time they get married there will be no family values within our society everything will be just about sex just as it was on the book. But were not responsible for those actions because this was all they knew. They manipulated them since babies so theyll grow up to be a part of their caste and to do what that caste was supposed to do and be happy with it, therefore be more productive in society.Even though, this world was depicted as perfect and everyone seemed to be happy with their lame controlled lives, there were people that were really affecter with the ideals. For example, alpha Bernard Marx, he was a quiet guy that like to use soma (their cocaine-like drug) seemed to be in love with Lenina, he wanted something more than sex from her, but she was know pretty much as a slut, because probably half of the men in the conditioning center had slept with her and he is disgusted to hear the men in the elevator talk about Lenina as though she were meat.People in our society would look upon Brave New World we would see it as a place of immoral behavior and obscenity. This could this possibly be because they were conditioned to all that and cannot realize it. They could just as easily be conditioned into thinking that only their thoughts are correct. Everyones goal in every culture is to reach a state of ultimate happiness. The society of Brave New World is just the same, but they go in differen t way by manipulation on actions, feelings and reproduction.Theres no need to sacrifice personal desires for the greater good. I think that what will make us really happy is the ability to freely make decisions about our own behavior and life, rather than relying on our society standards and what the government wants us to do. As an individual, I enjoy making my own decisions about what I want to be and about my sentimental relationship. I think anyone would want to strive to reach their full potential when they have the opportunity and freely reach their maximum happiness.

Burberry history Essay Example for Free

Burberry history EssayBarberry was founded in 1856 originally focusing on producing innovative functional outwear. over the geezerhood Barberry has adapted to changing trends and tastes to suit the consumers wants and needs. Additionally the extension of their product portfolio, for example their perfume and accessories range, Is a response to competition from leading brands such(prenominal) as Ralph Lauren and others.Barberry go down out to create a extravagance, premium brand image, however in recent years in Britain especially, the public perception of Barberry products have been labeled as chap kook because of their distinctive tartan pattern on apparel. In September 201 2 the high brand luxury clothing keep company Barberry issued a put on warning taking El ban off Buyers market value resulting with a trade fall of 19%. We are currently In an economic recession which has resulted In less consumer confidence and a trend of reduced outlay habits. heretofore the types of consumers that purchase brands like Barberry would usually not be effected by the economic recession. They are possible to have much more disposable income and secure well- paid Jobs. Retail analyst Joana Satyrs stated that The global economic crawls Is dragging on and the longer It drags on the less confident even wealthier Individuals become. Meaning that even those with more disposable Income to spend on luxury goods such as Barberry, are less confident which Is a major factor resulting In reduced spending habits.If consumers are spending less the company is likely to result in profit losses. If the problem deteriorates it stool result in closing of stores and making staff redundant adding to the already high unemployment figures Barberry s a luxury brand is not immune from the economic instability which has seen weaker sales not only in the UK but globally. From researching Buyers share decrease we can see that the 2012 London Olympics has played a major factor in profit loss.The types of customers buying Barberry products are likely to live in expensive locations such as London Barberry state that the London Olympics pulled tourists a instruction from shopping and pushed them more towards visiting the Olympic park and stadium and spending their money on souvenirs. However due to the economic recession and the trend of reduced pending habits, Buyers luxury high footingd goods were Increasingly likely to see reduced sales. Although wealthier Individuals are likely to be unaffected by the economic recession, the Auks high unemployment rate has made Buyers customer base even more restricted than before.In contrast to Buyers view that the Olympics contributed to their profit loss, we believe that the Olympics helped the Auks unemployment rate hugely giving more individuals and potential customers more disposable income. However now that the Olympics are over, it can shift focus onto spending more on brands such as Barberry. In comparison lower priced s tores such as Tops and H M are receiving higher likely to buy from stores that have fashionable styles and a wider variety of clothing at much lower prices.BBC business news (twitter) stated that UK retail sales shew as shoppers buy winter clothing and that sales volumes were up 0. 6% in the last month. Individuals are much more likely to spend nerve center OHIO on a coat rather than an IEEE one especially during the economic recession. Taking the above into account, there are a number of ways in which Barberry could improve their economic position in the retail market. While Barberry are not in a state of danger as it stands, if their profit and share prices were to decrease further they whitethorn have to cut their costs.This could see a decrease in quality of their products resulting to a decline in brand dedication and a future reduction in sales. One way Barberry could improve their situation is by re-marketing their product range to appeal to a different scrape audience, that of the middle and working class. Evidence suggests that lower priced stores (Tops and HM) have been benefiting as a result of their lower prices. If Barberry were to adjust their position in the market, closer to that of HM they may wreak the rewards.However, we think that Barberry may tarnish their entire business reputation if they do so. It takes many years to achieve a high brand reputation like that of Barberry and it would be a massive risk to put it all on the line. Also the lower priced retailers market is dominated by a few big players and is extremely competitive, making it harder for Barberry to establish itself in the lower priced category. We think that Barberry should ride out the storm for the time cosmos. If anything is to be done it should be invest more into marketing and branding to appeal to the upper middle-class.Although this would be costly initially, sales should pick up over time improving Buyers share price and profits. Furthermore, in the meantime it would be easy for Barberry to take advantage of the current state of national pride (following the Olympics) and go back to basics promoting the Brutishness of their brand. Another way in which Barberry can improve their current situation is by taking a similar approach to Versa by launching a more economical clothing range with gig street brands such as HM.For Barberry to differentiate themselves they can instead launch their clothing range with Ezra rather than HM. Reason being that they types of clothes they offer are very similar in terms of sophistication and quality. This method was very successful with Versa as their line with HM change out within 30 minutes. By introducing a more affordable clothing line, Barberry will advantage from an increase in sales and profits as demand from consumers will increase. The cheaper they market their new clothing range the more people would want to buy it s they will be purchasing Barberry clothing for a faction of the cost.

Analysis of VP28 Gene in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection

Analysis of VP28 Gene in etiolate Spot Syndrome Virus InfectionTemporal analysis of VP28 constituent in White spot syndrome computer virus infected fresh water crabsChiin Nei Chinga, Mansi Parihara, R. Sudhakaranb* aSchool of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India. *bAssistant professor, SBST, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.ABSTRACTAquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Disease emergence is a concern in wild fisheries due to environmental pressures, the direct impact of human activities and the risk of pathogens blossom forth from aquaculture. Common viruses are Taura syndrome virus (TSV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and the necrotizing hepato pancreatitis bacterium (NHP-B). The White Spot Syndrome Virus is the most economically devastating viral pathogen to global shrimp aquaculture production and has been proposed to be capable of infecting all d ecapod crustaceans. WSSV is an enveloped ellipsoid virus, which belongs to the genus Whispovirus of the family Nimaviridae. VP28 is one of its major envelope proteins, and plays a crucial role in viral infection. In this study, the proteins of the infected crab were purified using SDS page and then Western Blotting was performed to extract that particular protein. The VP28 protein will appear as specific bands in the blot.KeywordsAquaculture, White spot syndrome virus, VP28, SDS-Page, Western blotting.1. INTRODUCTIONWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major shrimp pathogen that causes a high mortality rate of 90-100% within 3-10 years of infection (Lightner, 1996). Natural WSSV infections have been found in captured and cultured specimens of the mud crab. WSSV is an enveloped ellipsoid virus, which belongs to the genus Whispovirus of the family Nimaviridae. In addition, WSSV can also infect a wide clutch of hosts including both decapod and non-decapod animals with more than hundred species described to date. So far, the genome from three different WSSV isolates has been sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that WSSV contains approximately 500 putative open translation frames (ORFs), most of which have no homology with any known genes or proteins in public databases. Till now, more than 50 structural and non-structural proteins were identified. Tools such as polymerase kitchen range reaction (PCR) and nested PCR, originally developed by Lo etal., have been widely used and recommended by the Office of International Epizootics (OIE) to be used as standard symptomatic methods for the detection of WSSV. Despite their excellence in specificity and sensitivity, these methods were not suited in some circumstances due to their complications, the requirement of thermal cycler, snip-consuming, and labor-intensive. Moreover, the classical agarose gel cataphoresis with ethidium bromide catching, following the visualization to a lower place the ultraviolet (UV) transilluminator required to analyze the result of PCR products. Western blotting identifies with specific antibodies proteins that have been disjointed from one another fit to their size by gel electrophoresis. The blot is a membrane of cellulose nitrate or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride). The gel is placed next to the membrane and application of an electrical contemporary induces the proteins in the gel to move to the membrane where they adhere. The membrane is then a replica of the gels protein pattern, and is subsequently stained with an antibody. Therefore, these features could be limited their applications, particularly in the resource-limited areas and non-laboratory environments such as at the pond or station sites.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1. Tissue homogenate preparationGills, muscle, hepato pancreas and Head soft tissue from the crab infected with WSSV were equalise in 110 suspension with NTE Buffer. It was then freeze and thaw for three times then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5min. The supernatant were collected severally in a tube and stored at -20C. This supernatant was used for protein analysis.2.2. Protein estimationLowrys method was performed for the estimation of protein in order to know its concentrations (Lowry et al., 1951).2% atomic number 11 carbonate in 0.1N sodium hydroxide (Reagent A)0.5% copper sulphate in 1% potassium sodium tartrate (Reagent B)Alkaline copper solution Mixed 50 ml of solution A and 1 ml of B prior to use (reagent C)Folin Ciocalteau reagent (Reagent D)Protein standard stock 50 mg of bovine serum ovalbumin (fraction V) was weighed and dissolved in distilled water and made up to 50 ml (1 mg/ml)Working standard- diluted 1ml of stock solution to 5 ml with distilled water. (200 g of protein/ml).2.3. SDS-PAGESDS-PAGE is currently used to determine the molecular(a) masses, and also to investigate the subunit composition and the domain structure of proteins. TAE Buffer (1X) was poured in tank which maintain the temperature and pH of the gel. Gel was prepared and protein sample is mixed with bromophenol blue which act as a tracking dye. Then it was loaded into the well and electric current of 50V is utilise into the tank which is later on increase to 100V when the dye contacts the resolving gel. When the dye reach the end of the resolving gel it was taken out and stain with the serving of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (methanol-50 ml, distilled water 40 ml, glacial acetic acid 10 ml) for 1 hour and de-stain the gel by immersing in the de-staining solution (65 ml of distilled water, methanol 10 ml and 25 ml of glacial acetic acid).2.4. Western blottingTransferring of the protein into a membraneThe membrane can be either nitrocellulose or PVDF. PVDF requires activation with methanol for one minute and is then rinsed with lurch buffer before preparing the stack. After stacking, the electro transfer is carried out for 90 minutes at a constant current of 150 mA set by maintaining the voltage at maximum. Transfer to the membrane and checked using Ponceau Red staining before the blocking step. (PVDF cannot be stained). After ponceau staining, wash the nitrocellulose membrane with TBST for 1 min at room temperature.Blocking and Antibody incubationBlock the membrane for 1 hour at room temperature in blocking buffer (10 % milk in TBST).After blocking, incubate the membrane in primary antibody (1 gm dilutions) in 2.5% milk in TBST overnight at 4C.Wash the membrane for three washes using TBST for 5 minutes each.Incubate the membrane with thirdhand antibody (12000 dilutions) in 2.5% milk in TBST at room temperature for 1 hour.Wash the membrane in three washes of TBST, 5 minutes each.Add ECL reagent (Solution A and B in 11 ratio) on to the membrane and spread it thoroughly on to it using a pipette.Remove the excess reagent and place the membrane on to the x-ray cassette and expose to x ray strike in the dark room.An initial 10 sec exposure should indicate the proper exposure time because due to the kinetics of the detection reaction, signal is most intense immediately following incubation and declines over the following 2 hrs.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1. SDS-PAGEFig.1 SDS-PAGE which shows different bands under white light. Lane 1- Gill Lane 2- HST Lane 3- Muscle Lane 4-Hepatopancreas.The polypeptides of purified virus were resolved by SDS-PAGE using discontinuous buffer system. In 12.5% acrylamide gel, the purified virus yielded different polypeptides base on their molecular mass in which lower molecular weight will elute faster as compared to those having higher molecular weight, which were Visualized on Coomassie brilliant blue R 250 staining.3.2. Western blottingFig 2. Western blottingViral polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (0.22 m) in transfer buffer (192 mM glycine, 25 mM Tris and 20% methanol, pH 8.3), at 0.8 mA/cm2for 1 h. it was later on view by using film to visualize the relativ e abundance of proteinsDiscussionBy performing SDS-PAGE, (fig.1) we can determined the different molecular weight of polypeptide. The difference in the number of the polypeptide may be attributing due to the difference in concentration of the resolving and other physical conditions.The western blot analysis of proteins of semi-purified white spot syndrome virus separated on 12.5% gel (fig.2) showed different number of immunogenic proteins based on its molecular weight. Out of these, those proteins, which stained more intensely, were considered as major immunogenic proteins. However, further studies are indispensable to establish its immunogenic nature and feasibility for its use as vaccine. Because electrophoretic separation of proteins is always carried out under denaturing conditions, the problem of solublization, aggregation and co-precipitation of target proteins with adventitious proteins are eliminated.REFERENCES1 Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr and R. J. Randall (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193(1), 265-275.2 van Hulten, M. C., J. Witteveldt, S. Peters, N. Kloosterboer, R. Tarchini, M. Fiers, H. Sandbrink, R. K. Lankhorst and J. M. Vlak (2001) The white spot syndrome virus DNA genome sequence. Virology, 286(1), 7-22.3 Seetang-Nun Y, Jaroenram W, Sriurairatana S, Suebsing R, Kiatpathomchai W (2013) Visual detection of white spot syndrome virus using DNA-functionalized notes nanoparticles as probes combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Mol Cell Probes, 27(2)71-9.4 Maurice Pagano (1999) Application of electrophoresis and related methods, such as western blotting and zymography to the study of some proteins and enzymes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 83(12) 119125.4 Lightner, D. V. (1996) A handbook of Shrimp Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp. World Aquaculture Society.

Key Benefits And Limitations Of LCA Environmental Sciences Essay

Key Benefits And Limitations Of LCA environmental Sciences EssayMajor benefits pile arise from LCA. through with(predicate) the ability to analyses exchanges that take place in the surround, it enables decision-makers to select the product or process that bequeath in the least impact to the environment. LCA data identifies the transfer of environmental impacts from bingle media to another and/or from unrivalled heart round of drinks stage to another (EPA 2001). Quantification of emissions, detection of variation between the various life cycle phases, the ability to estimate environmental burden of strongs, the ability to comp atomic number 18 and contrast competing products and the dominance to structure and improve the flow of data between stakeholders are just some of the obvious benefits that rump be gained finished adoption of LCA. Papers by Deloitte Enhancing the value of life cycle opinion and Lifecycle assessment where is it on your sustainability agenda? provide an insight into several benefits from utilizing LCA, including (Deloitte, 2009)Innovation Through revealing the source and magnitude of environmental impacts, product level LCA data can inform the innovation agenda.Cost savings Clarity in notification to cost drivers can lead to increased efficiency via bodily and energy requirements minimizing the negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, certain investments in RD and projects related to re refreshingable energy may be eligible for tax assigns or other incentives.Internal alignment LCA provides a common ground for internal goal-setting and communication. Different departments within an arrangement can unite on enterprise-wide priorities.Regulatory preparedness LCA can help quantify the projected product cost implications of future carbon legislation and slacken off those areas that warrant immediate action. LCA can also enhance planetary transparency to deflect scrutiny from regulators and other stakeholders.Corporate re putation LCA can demonstrate a companys deeper commitment to improved environmental impact. Improved sustainability cl sites can strengthen stakeholder relations.Risk reduction LCA helps companies develop their position around environmental issues to which their operations contribute. Increases awareness of potential liabilities the company should be aware of.On top of these benefits examples of how customized LCA studies can support significant sustainability objectives include (Deloitte, 2012)Enhance brand value for competitive oppositeiation Compares the environmental impact of an organizations product to alternatives to touch on which benefits are distinguishable.Improve externalise decisions Evaluates resource and materials work to inform product and process design decisions that increase environmental efficiencies. actualize bring out procurement decisions Engages multiple stakeholders and suppliers to allow organizations to make procurement decisions that significantly b oost their sustainability efforts.Meet communications needs Provides a platform for authentically communicating positive environmental attributes about products to buyers and consumers.Achieve compliance Addresses regulatory mandates at local, internal and international levels.Create better policies Evaluates internal and outside policies of the organization to determine realistic objectives. piece of music all of the above benefits help paint a positive picture of LCA, one also has to interpret the various disadvantages or limitations of much(prenominal) systems. As with all overbold and evolving systems there will ever so be significant teething problems during development. The more noteworthy of these include the feature LCAs utilizing the same and different methodologies can endure vastly different results with assumptions, which can be subjective, being a requisite even for simple similes to be carried out. The validity of data is always a concern and whether the most up to date data has been used. Performing LCA is resource consuming and gathering data can be problematic. As a result, it is essential to weigh the resources needed against the projected benefits to measure feasibility. There is still no widely accepted standardised format for LCA, with most of the already lively ones such as ISO 14040 having several imperfections. Finally results of LCAs focused on national and regional level may not be suitable for local applications. These limitations do take some of the shine away from LCA and indicate that in essence at present LCA is fundamentally flawed given it can be go on impossible in many cases to k straightaway the validity and relevance of conclusions drawn by the practitioner. While this may be true what has to be consider is that LCA is the trump out tool we hurl at present to tackle this significant area of concern. In reality the benefits of LCA far outreach its flaws and as transparency of methods and data becomes the norm its one will increase. What is for certain is LCA is set to become a fundamental element of product and service design.Applications and potential of LCAApplications of LCAThe application of LCA has been well documented and includes supporting initiatives to assessing environmental impacts that need bring inressing. Studies (Frankl and Rubik, 1999 Frankl et al., 2000) have highlighted key areas of application includingBottleneck identificationInformation and education to consumers and stakeholdersCompare existing products with planned alternativesCompare existing company products with products of competitorsprocural specifications, supplier screening, product co-makershipInternal information and trainingAnticipate and negotiate legislationMarketing, advertising policies joining eco-labelling criteriaEnvironmental cost allocationAssess the facing pages from eco-label criteriaRadical changes in product life cycleWhat can be taken from these findings is that there are 3 principle a reas of application are (1) comparison on an environmental basis which includes comparison of materials, methods and conformity. (2) In manufacturing LCA can be used to find the most ecological method through optimal material and processes selection. (3) In commercial development LCA can be used for marketing points and as a human race informational aid (in example EPDs).In reality there are many different views among the scientific populace as to use and best practice for LCA. What is of interest is that one article by Grantadesigns in 2011 called Grantas new Guide Five Steps to Eco Design proposed that up to 80% of the environmental footprint of a product is determined during the design phase. From this we must assume that the best application for LCA would be in the design phase via evaluation of design alternative.Potential of LCALCA is a methodology for quantifying and assessing the potential impacts of goods and services from an environmental perspective. From this viewpoint it can be taken that LCA can be applied to any kind of product or decision where environmental impacts are of concern. This in turn implies LCA can be applied by all the different stakeholders who are invested in a product or service including governmental, non-governmental and industries. While this dissertation cannot elaborate on all the opportunities open to LCA, focus will be placed on the following areas which are of particular interest to this studyThe potential of LCA at multinational corporation levelThe potential of LCA for small and moderate sized enterprises (SMEs)The potential of LCA at governmental levelThe potential of LCA for multinational enterprisesMultinational companies face authoritative strategic decisions that help establish the direction of their environmental act. The decision whether to adopt a global standard or not is one such decision. While specific characteristics of multinationals make the application of LCA easier including dedicated resources ma de available, separate departments responsible for implementation and co-ordination, development of internal databases and operational methodologies, and the ability to influence stakeholders, among others there are equally other factors which present significant challenges including diverse cultural approaches and consensus on methodologies including weighting across impact categories (Schmidt and Sullivan, 2002 Reap et al., 2008), and how to integrate LCA across the whole physical composition as LCA in general tend to be reserved to environmental departments. The value which can be extracted by monumental corporations who adopt LCA tends to be in terms of material choice, technology choice, infrastructure and location choice, and product and process improvement.The potential of LCA for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)While the need for environmental practices have been widely accepted in SMEs, as can be seen through the widespread adoption of ISO 14001, the adoption of LCA has being met with less enthusiasm. This is largely to do with the fact most SMEs need to focus their available resources on establishing their position in the market and cant afford to extend resources to non essential activities. However, many small and medium enterprises are now seen the economic benefits that can be reaped from LCA implementation via simplified low cost approaches. Significant advantages can be gained in the RD stage of products via material swap outs, process improvements or benchmarking (Hunkeler, 2003). One could even go as far as to say that LCA can be useful to improve credit terms as it improves resource allocation and minimises the risk of resources being spent inappropriately. The tangible benefits with regard to environmental business policy include (Hunkeler et al., 2004) overcomed operating cost, improved resource efficiency, improved relations with authorities, improve external image, improved credit terms and reduced overheads. It is also wort h noting that the addition of LCA will add value for firms in their IPO (initial public offeringing) as it will be recognised that the company will be more likely to be sustainable with future environmental requirements.The potential of LCA at governmental levelThe pattern to which goods and services are produced and consumed is established and controlled via government regulated frameworks and conditions. LCA falls within the reams of sustainable development and is of key importance in addressing waste and emissions attributes of products and services. Government activities are ongoing in regards to LCA with supporting strategies fair widespread. This has led to the development of several nationally managed databases along with new methodologies and tools. Government bodies, including the departments of environment, energy and defence etc., are now active in supporting LCA development via conducting case studies and making data available. Websites have been developed and product orientated environmental policy is evolving, none more so than in the European Union (EU). In its Communication on unified harvesting Policy (COM (2003)302), the European focusing concluded that Life Cycle Assessments provide the best framework for assessing the potential environmental impacts of products currently available. There is an understand within the EU for the need of life cycle thinking in stakeholder consultations and in policy implementation. There is an acknowledgment that information from LCA can support public policy making in eco-design criteria setting, such as contributing to performance channelises within the Environmental Technology proceeding Plan (ETAP) and for energy-using products within the EuP leading, in atomic number 19 public procurement (GPP), and in environmental product declarations (EPDs) (European focus, 2003). However, consideration has to be giving to the fact that LCA is only a decision supporting tool, and not a decision making tool. While advances aid its progression it is still limited with regards economic and social impacts, along with local environmental issues. As a result it can only be utilised in support of other tools to aid detection of potential improvement areas.Policies, Laws, Standards and IncentivesLife-cycle analysis (LCA) is not a new phenomenon with scientists and manufacturers increasingly using it to expose opportunities to reduce environmental impacts of products and services, from cradle to grave. This has led to the rise of policies, legislation, standards and incentives in the race to control and maximise the potential of this rapidly expanding sector.PoliciesLCAs offer the opportunity to shift the traditional policy basis away from waste and resource amounts to one where the potential environmental impacts they cause is the focus and in so far as is feasible the related consequences to humans and the ecosystems is catered for.LawsWhile traditionally focus has been on reducing impacts of production processes, the responsibility is now being all-encompassing to manufacturers to reduce the impacts of products as well. This extension of manufacturers responsibility to cover the entire lifecycle of a product is known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). The EC 6th Environmental Action Programme Environment 2010 emphasises the importance of product policy which is also reflected in the Integrated product Policy.StandardsThe International Organization for Standardization introduced the ISO 9000 serial publication quality precaution standards in 1987. These were later followed in 1992 by various environmental standards known as the ISO 14000 series. These voluntary standards require verification by an external certification body to obtain the ISO certificate. In the ISO 14000 series there is a family of standards to choose from, so when you want to get environmentally certified you need to consider which best matches your requirements. The point of note in relat ion to the ISO 14000 series is that it is generic, meaning any business, regardless of size or sector can apply.The following provides a brisk overview from a European perspective of the main policies, laws and standards where the life-cycle approach is emphasised as an important element.Table Overview of relevant policy, law and standards (Developed with data from European commission and Irish department of environment)DesignationClassFoundationTitleSubject matterPolicyFraming policy06/2008sustainable Consumption and Production Action Plan, (SCP)This communication sets out the measures to deliver more sustainable consumption and production, while improving the competitiveness of the European economy. It builds on several EU policies including the renewed Sustainable Development Strategy. The Community Lisbon Programme for 2008-2010 includes the promotion of an industrial policy geared towards more sustainable consumption and production as one of its major orientations (European c ommission, 2008).Framing policy12/2005EUs thematic strategy on the sustainable use of natural resourcesThe objective is to reduce environmental impacts linked to resource use in a growing economy enabling sustainable development (European commission, 2005a). A review carried out by the Bio Intelligence Service in 2010 indicates the integrating of key concepts conveyed by the resource strategies have had a positive but partial influence with the clear need for clear objectives and targets, and the establishment of data concenter for natural resources being highlighted (Mudgal et al., 2010).Framing policy12/2005EUs thematic strategy on prevention and recycling of wasteDescribes a number of key objectives as part of an evolving EU policy on waste including Prevent waste, Promote re-use, recycling and recovery and Establish the European recycling society. The aim of this strategy is to reduce the negative impact on the environment that is caused by waste throughout its life-span, from production to disposal, via recycling. The objective is that every item of waste is seen not only as a source of pollution but also a potential resource to be exploited (European commission, 2005b).Framing policy06/2003Communication Integrated Product Policy (IPP)Aims to support the realisation of environmental product innovations in order to chance upon a broad reduction of all environmental impacts along a products life cycle (Commission, 2001). Due to the nature of products, IPP cannot consist of a single general policy pawn, a variety of measures must be employed to achieve the IPP objective (In example standards or so-called soft environmental policy instruments such as activities regarding voluntary agreements or environmental labelling.) (Rehfeld et al., 2007). European Commission, Integrated Product Policy Communication (IPP), 2003 states LCA is the best framework for assessing the potential environmental impacts of products, but the debate is ongoing about good practice with the European commission committing to maturation a handbook on best practice, Co-ordinating to make data more accessible and systematically collected, Regularly update directory of LCA databases, and develop a platform to quicken communication and exchanges. All of the above commitments have or are in the process of being delivered. special instrument2005 revised 2009Eco-design directiveProvides for improving the environmental performance of energy related products (ERPs) through ecodesign and prevents distinct national legislations on environmental performance becoming obstacles to the intra-EU trade. The ecodesign requirements must not lower the functionality of a product, its safety, or have a negative impact on its affordability or consumers health. The Directive is under the responsibility of DG Enterprise and Industry and DG Energy (European commission, 2012b).Specific instrument2005Energy-using products (EuP) DirectiveThe main objective of the EuP Directive is to bring about improvements in energy efficiency throughout a products lifecycle, from cradle to grave. Its focuses on the design phase as it is considered that up to 80% of the environmental load of a product is fixed during design. EuP is a Framework Directive which outlines the legal context within which implementing measures will be developed and targeted at particular product groups (Premier Farnell, 2009).Specific instrument1/2004Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP)The plan covers a range of actions to promote eco-innovation and the take-up of environmental technologies including promoting research and development, mobilising funds, helping to drive demand and improving market conditions. Information from LCAs can contributing to meeting performance targets within the Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP). In Ireland specific consideration will be given to projects that have the potential to address the three specific challenges identified in the Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) State of the Environment Report 2004, namely eutrophication of surface waters, meeting international commitments on air emissions and better management of waste (Department of the Environment, 2012a).Specific instrument2008Green public procurement (GPP)Defined in the Communication (COM (2008) 400) Public procurement for a better environment as a process whereby public authorities seek to procure goods, services and works with a reduced environmental impact throughout their life cycle when compared to goods, services and works with the same primary function that would otherwise be procured. The EU committed to aiming to achieve by 2010 a proposed a target of 50% of all the EUs public procurement tendering procedures to be green. Although this target has not been met a recent report monitoring the uptake of GPP found 26% of the stretch forth contracts signed in the 2009-2010 period by public authorities in the EU included all core GPP criteria with 55% of these contract s having at least one EU core GPP criterion, showing that some form of green procurement is being done at a large scale (European commission, 2012c). In Ireland the GPP national action plan has been developed to make half the estimated 15 billion in public spending to meet green procurement criteria (Department of the Environment, 2012b).Specific instrument2002 and Under reviewEnvironmental product declarations (EPDs)Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) are life-cycle based ecolabels that disclose the environmental performance of the product, similar to nutrition information labels. In France a law was passed in 2007 the Grenelle Environment which requires environmental product declarations for all mass produced consumer goods. 2012 has seen experiments begin to establish best practice to implement this law. The European Commission is following suit and has begun a program to develop guidance on environmental product declarations indicating this will be widespread shortly.Speci fic Instument1992Eco-labellingIs in general a voluntary scheme where producers, importers and retailers can choose to apply for the label for their products. Ecolabel criteria focus on the stage / stages with the highest environmental impact during a products life cycle. By the end of 2011, more than 1,300 licences had been awarded, and at present, more than 17,000 products have the EU Ecolabel. A licence gives permission to use the EU Ecolabel logo. (European commission, 2012d).LawsLegal requirement2003Restriction on the use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS)Adopted in 2003 by the European Union the directive took effect in 2006 becoming law in each member state. It restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of electronic and electrical equipment. It correlates with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) 2002/96/EC which is part of a legislative initiative to reduce toxic e-waste.Legal requireme nt2002Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)The WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC is an EU Directive founded on the principle of Producer Responsibility and its general objectives are to prevent waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and to improve the environmental performance of all operators involved in the life cycle of such including producers, distributors and consumers (European commission, 2012e).Legal requirement2000End of Life VehiclesDirective 2000/53/ EC of the European Parliament on end of life vehicles was developed to limit or exclude the presence of dangerous substances including lead, cadmium, chromium IV and mercury in vehicles with the purpose of minimising their environmental impact. In 2006, the target for reuse and recovery was a minimum of 85% of the materials rising to 95% in 2015 with most major OEMs such as Ford, Honda etc on the way to meeting these targets.Legal requirement1994EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 94/62/ECThis directiv e regulates the lumbering metal content of, and recovery of any packaging put on the market. Implemented in Ireland through the Waste Management (Packaging) Regulations S.I. No. 61 of 2003 as amended by the Waste Management (Packaging) (Amendment) Regulations S.I. No. 871 of 2004. While it should be noted the directive is under review at European level, the legislation is now well developed in Ireland with waste recovery schemes like REPAK in place.Legal requirement2007Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)REACH came into force in 2007 with the aim to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals, the promotion of alternative try out methods, the free circulation of substances on the internal market and enhancing competitiveness and innovation (European commission, 2012f). Manufacturers have to register each substance, assess the risks it poses and pass on the safety informa tion to downriver users.Legal requirement2006Batteries DirectiveDirective 2006/66/EC prohibits placing certain batteries and accumulators with mercury or cadmium content above a fixed doorstep on the market and promotes a high rate of collection and recycling of waste batteries and accumulators. The aim is the reduction of hazardous substances (mercury, cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment (European commission, 2012g).Standards unbidden1997 revised 2000 and 2006Life cycle assessmentISO 14040/44When concerned with the environmental impact of a new or existing product, it may well be beneficial to carryout a complete life cycle assessment. In such a case you would look to the ISO 14040 certificate. It evaluates the products LCA framework and is intended to make reliable and reclaimable assessments. It endeavours to provide a clear overview of the findings to stakeholders, including those who have limited knowledge of life cycle assessment. The specific requirements and guidel ines for LCAs are in ISO 14044. automatic2001Environmental site assessmentISO 14015This International Standard provides guidance on how to conduct an Environmental assessment of sites and organizations (EASO) through a systematic process of identifying environmental aspects and environmental issues and determining, if appropriate, their business consequences.VoluntaryISO 14020 1998 rev 2000ISO 14024 1999ISO 14025 2000 rev 2006Environmental product declaration (EPD), Labelling ISO 14020/24/25ISO 14020/24/25 will help you label your product. It includes quantified data which helps ensure environmental data published is of a certain quality. These product labels are built upon the Life Cycle Assessment which means the information generated is relevant, verified and comparable.Voluntary1999Environmental Performance EvaluationISO 14031When you dont require a certificate and just want to measure your environmental performance, this document gives guidance on environmental performance evaluation. It provides management with reliable and verifiable information on an ongoing basis through its Plan-Do-Check-Act system (PCDA).Voluntary2002Integrating environmental aspects into product design and developmentISO 14062direction standard providing generic instruction on how to incorporate environmental criteria into product design and development. It can act as a reminder or a checklist and is applicable to all industry sectors. Other industry sectors have developed similar standards including-Standard ECMA 341, Environmental design considerations for electronic products developed by ECMA International.EN/BSI 134202000 Packaging Requirements for packaging recovery by material recycling.BS/EN 131932000 Packaging and the environment Terminology.Voluntary2006Impact on Climate ChangeISO 14064ISO 14064-12006 facilitates quantification and inform of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reductions. It provides stakeholders with an integrated set of tools to achieve their o bjectives and it enables participation in emissions trading schemes using a globally recognised standard.Voluntary/ Under deviceN/AProduct Carbon FootprintISO 14067Strives to standardize the maze of product carbon footprint approaches.Voluntary/ Under constructionN/AWater FootprintISO 14046Aims to establish harmonized metrics for water footprints.OtherVoluntary2008GHG Protocol Product StandardThis is a product life cycle accounting and reporting standard developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD). This standard is to a large extent in compliance with ISO 14040/44, except it is explicitly focused on greenhouse gas accounting.

The Hogan Personality Inventory Commerce Essay

The Hogan Personality gunstock Commerce EssayThe Hogan Personality Inventory is a disposition test which is a measure of normal nature and is habituated to predict job performance (http//www.hogan assessments.com/hogan- temper-inventory). This tool has many uses and is used by both organisations and individuals. The HPI was specifically designed to precaution business and commercial use and can be used throughout the recruitment process and to identify aras of a person which could be developed.The HPI was the first temper inventory to be based on the Five-Factor Models openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These factors atomic number 18 generally accepted by psychologists as the distinct personality factors (http//www.advancedpeoplestrategies.co.uk/Hogan-Personality-Inventory-HPI.asp), although other models fill been identified. These vanadium personality traits were defined by Costa and McCrae in 1992 and they are used for understanding the relationship in the midst of personality and the behaviours of people.The HPI uses the septenary primary scales to encourage assess personality. The HPI analyses these scales which are believed to influence managerial performance. The seven primary scales areAdjustment. This is necessary for managers to be able to react substantially under pressure, remain calm in tense situations and not take problems or criticism to heart.Ambition. Managers besides need to display this as this shows how decisive a person is and how they would cope with taking the lead. Managers with highschoolschool ambition scores know how to evanesce effectively as well as encouraging team work and leading teams well.Sociability. This reflects a managers ability to communicate with their staff, how warm, outgoing and talkative they are.Likeability. A managers ability to charm and use their communication and interpersonal skills to talk to clients and their staff. This leave behind improve a managers skill at grammatical construction teams and maintaining trust between colleagues.Prudence. Managers need to display this attrisolelye to be dependable, conscientious and hard working. This means the leader will be loyal to their company and will treat their team members fairly.Inquisitive. This is necessary for managers to be practical and imagi ingrained while thinking strategically about the businesses plans and goals in the long term.Learning Approach. This includes a managers inclination to learn and their aptitude in their training and their school work. It can be shown that School Success is steadily and moderately correlated with measures of cognitive ability (http//www.drbobhurley.com/pdf/HPIManual.pdf).The HPI originates from a man called Robert Hogan and is sold by his company Hogan Assessments. Robert Hogan is a well known expert and international authority in psychology. According to his own website he is astray credited with demonstrating how personality factors inf luence organisational effectiveness in a variety of areas (http//www.hoganassessments.com/executive-team). He has a Ph.D from the University of California and is a fellow of many different universities. Robert Hogan has quoted that between 50-75% of managers are bad managers and this is due to the fact that they can interview well based on technical knowledge but they ca-ca bad leading skills. Therefore he believes his personality test can help to differentiate the good leaders from the good interviewees.Figure 1 shows an example output key generated by the HPI. According to the Hogan Personality Inventory Brochure the reports give the following in initializeion how a candidate may react in various circumstances, the characteristics of participants and summarises the tribute for job fit and potential hiring (http//www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The graph in figure 1 shows how the person taking the test scores on each of the seven scales and shows whether the score is in the high, low or average percentile.Figure 1 An example HPI output reporthttp//www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdfThe report goes on to explain each of the scales in more detail, giving examples of characteristics of leaders with similar scores. For example in this sample report the person has a score of 72 for adjustment which is in the high percentile meaning this person can handle pressure well, not take criticism personally, expect to succed, be hard to coach and may ignore their mistakes.The report gives some of the implications of this type of leadership and for this example it is compared to other leaders, your scores suggest that you usually maintain a positive attitude, stay in a good mood, remain patient with staff errors and mistakes, and persist in the face of challenges, frustration, and reversals. On the other hand, you may not realize when others are stressed, and may be reluctant to listen to nega tive feedback. (http//www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdf). There are 4 report formats which can be generated from the HPI. These are a data report does not try the data in any way, career builder which gives the applicants mights and weaknesses as well as improvement tips, management builder which gives suggestions on how the individual may be managed and the leadership forecast challenge report which analyses how an individuals scores are likely to affect their work and their leadership style (http//www.pantesting.com/products/Hogan/HPI.asp).The HPI test consists of 206 true and false questions and one of the main features which the HPI boasts is that its questions are non-intrusive or invasive (http//www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The HPI was created along the lines of the socio-analytic theory. The test in that respectfore assumes that getting along with and getting ahead of others become the domina nt themes in social life (http//www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI)Uses of the Hogan Personality InventoryPersonnel Selection Finding the right person for the jobOrganisations are beginning to recognise the immenseness of finding a person who fits with their values, ideals and ways of working. Organisations are able to identify what skills a person has by looking at their qualifications and past experience but personality tests such as the HPI are able to help identify whether an applicant has the right personality to suit their organisation.Individual AssessmentIndividuals may use the HPI to help decide whether they are suited to a specific occupation or to decide whether they should consider further education (http//www.workreview.co.uk/whatis/whatisthehpi.asp). It can also be used to assess personal strengths and weaknesses determine the best method to develop careers by focusing on which skills need to be developed. trouble Development Management could use the HPI to assess where their staffs skills could be developed to create a better and more productive work force. It can also be used to fleck people in teams, perhaps with one person more suited to leadership and the others with complimentary skill sets.Strengths of Using Personality TestsPersonality tests are decent more popular for selecting good employees. Rodney Warrenfeltz of Hogan Assessment Centres said hiring practices are commsolely neglected as a key aspect of professional facility maintenance. many now believe that the selection of the right employees is of key importance and the personality test industry is now worth $400 million-a-year as employers have begun to build the value of good employees and costs of bad employees, one company estimated the cost of one bad employee as being an astounding $2.5M (http//www.csi-executivesearch.com/executive-search/cost-of-a-bad-hire.html). Personality tests can also withstand legal challenges meaning organi sations can use this method to reject people without the risk of being sued for discrimination.Weaknesses of Using Personality TestsThe validity and reliability of personality tests is often called into disrepute and some job go overkers complain that having their all told personality judged on a couple of questions, does not show potential employers the scope of their whole personality. Personality tests are very costly to run and if the validity is dubious then organisations need to consider whether the results are worth the expense.A flaw bear on the validity of personality test results is that respondents may alter their answers to reflect what they believe the company is looking for. For example if a company an employee is applying for a job at has a reputation for having an autocratic leadership style then the applicant may alter their answers to a personality test to say they follow operating instructions well even if they dont. This would make the results of the test inac curate and may end in the wrong employee being accepted. Detection of such inaccuracies is difficult as there is no way for an applicant to explain the reasoning behind their answers meaning that the organisation will not get the full picture of an employee.Strengths of the HPIThe Hogan Personality Inventory is a popular test used by recruiters and in 1980, the HPI was the first instrument designed to measure personality and predict resulting behaviours in the workplace. A strength of the HPI is that it predicts the reputation and the opinions others have of a persons leadership style, not what the applicant thinks of their own management style.The HPI is very practical and according to the Hogan Assessment website the tests have a comparatively short 15-20 minute completion time (http//www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). Other practical advantages include its online platform making it cost and time effective. The multiple choice format en ables automated marking, making homophile interaction minimal. The test is available in a number of languages so the same test can be absolute world-wide. This helps multi-national companies as applicants can be tested using the same platform increasing the validity of results as applicants can complete the test in their native tongue.The HPI is based on the Five-Factor Model. According to Costa and McCraes Theory when an individual is scored on these factors they will produce a complete picture of that persons personality (http//www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). Extensive research has been carried out on these factors and statistical evidence demonstrates that the Five Factor Model is high in validity and useful as a predictive tool (http//www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). The HPI has been based on over 500000 working adults, this is a fairly large base for the inventory to be normed on making the results more valid as these people have been tested from over 200 of the main industries. The validity of the tests is further proved with retest reliabilities ranging from .74 to .86. HPI archives have been kept since 1970 and it continues to be ones of the most widely accepted and used inventories for research on personality (http//www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI).Weaknesses of the HPIThe Hogan Personality Inventory is based on a series of true and false questions which doesnt allow people any allowance for expressing other opinions. In other words the answers that the people give when they are taking the test are very constricted. This means that the potential employees are unable to express their true feelings or explain their answers.As the Hogan Personality Inventory is pass on over 200 industries it could be argued that this is a key weakness of these personality tests. These assessments were designed to be general, apply to a wide range of situations (most were not specifically created for workplace application), and are not amenable to customisation. This approach means that the tests are to general to create a valid overview of a persons leadership cleverness for a specific role. Such measures employ a one size fits all approach, which (similar to c dance bandhing) does not provide a very good fit in most cases (http//www.evancarmichael.com/Sales/3147/Trouble-with-Personality-Tests.html)Another weakness of the Hogan Personality Inventory is that it is based on the Five Factor Model which has been reviewed as not explaining the whole of the human personality. Some argue that models such as the Cattells 16 Personality Factors (1946)are more reflective of the humans personality as they take into account more aspects of a persons personality. These extra traits could involve religion, political views and other environmental factors. It could be argued that the Five Factor Model onl y provides a snapshot of a persons personality not a full picture (http//www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html).Findings and ConclusionsWhen researching the Hogan Personality Inventory it is very important to remember that it is a commercial entity and a lot of articles which I have read have been very biased and aimed at making the reader buy the product. Following on from this, there is very junior-grade literature outlining the weaknesses of the HPI, although there is a fair amount about the disadvantages of personality tests based on the Five Factor Model.Table 1 shows the British mental Societys review into the major psychometric tests, comparing them on their main ratings and their cost information. From this table the HPI scores highest against the other tests with a score of 19 while the only other test to come close to this is the Personality Inventory which scored 17 stars.Tech Overall quality of technical information, Va lid Validity, Rely Reliability, Norms Normative Information, squeeze Overall clarity and coverage of content.Table 1 The British Psychological Society (BPS) Review of Personality Instruments 2nd EditionPersonality tests can have huge benefits for both organisations and the individuals. It can help management with employee selection and employee development and they can help individuals to identify areas of themselves which need improving. The practical nature of these tests can help to weed out mismated candidates quickly and easily and it is also a form of selection which can stand up in court. The HPI itself is a well known and trusted brand of test, due to the model which it is based on and the amount of working adults it is normed on.On the other hand, many individuals disagree with the use of personality tests in the selection process. The lack of ability to express reasoning behind answers means that many applicants feel constrained when answering the tests and many peopl e are prone to faking their answers although Robert Hogan believes he has solved this problem with the HPI as he states that the data are quite clear-even when motivated to fake, peoples scores on the HPI dont change. (http//www.hoganassessments.com/blog/robert-hogan-phd/how-faking-impacts-personality-assessment-results). Instead he claims that instead of faking, people are engaging in a form of impression management and these results are more valid given the fact that they are gauging a persons reputation as a manager not their opinions of their own leadership styles.After evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of people using personality tests I can see organisations continuing to use them for the foreseeable future, especially as unemployment continues to rise and the ratio of people applying to the number of roles increases. It is a quick way to reject potentially unsuitable people and reduce an applications list easily. I would also conclude that the Hogan Personality Inventor y is a valid test to use especially when used in conjunction with the other Hogan Assessments.

Physicality and Emotional Attachment in Shakespeares Sonnet 46 Essay

somaticity and Emotional hamper in Shakespeargons sonnet 46 In Sonnet 46 of his full treatment about the blond young man, William Shakespeare presents a unique view on the immaculate debate about physical lust versus emotional love. The poet struggles to decide if his feelings are ground upon superficial desire and infatuation, represented by the core (1), or line up love independent of the physical world, symbolized by the heart (1). With a proficient movement from violent imagery in the first two lines to the civilized wording of law, Shakespeare dismisses the honey oilly accepted view of a battle between the kernel and the heart. The diction of warfare denotes two very separate alien sides clashing in destructive confrontation. Shakespeare advances quickly away from such wording, setting his debate in the civilized context of a courtroom. While the parties engaged in a compositors case are competing, they are not seeking the destruction of their opposit ion. A viridity bond exists between the two sides of a legal case, the bond of society. They are split of the same whole, or they would not be bound by the laws of that whole. The same holds for the eye and the heart, as well as their metaphysical counterparts, lust and spiritual bonding. The eye and the heart are but organs that make up the body. Physical desire and emotional attraction are just aspects of the overlying concept of love. This is Shakespeares last point both physicality and emotional attachment combine to take shape the powerful force humans know as love. The opening quatrain of Sonnet 46 sets up the conflict of infatuation versus true love, acknowledging the classic view of a battle between opposing forces, but swiftly moving beyond such a black an... ...an iambic foot, As thus (13), allowing the triad quatrain to lean directly into couplet. The poet also repeats the rhyme of part (13) and heart (14) from lines 12 and 10 of the third quatrain, t ying the couplet even closer to the body of the poem. Shakespeare presents a common sense solution to the problem, declaring the entire conflict to be almost irrelevant. Lust is based on external aesthetic appeal, so the poet bestows the outward part (13) of the poems young object upon the eye. True love draws its strength from an internal bonding of spirits, and therefore Shakespeare plant the inward love (14) to the heart. And these two halves together form love. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 46. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Eds. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. 2 vols. New York Norton, 2000. 1 1033. Physicality and Emotional Attachment in Shakespeares Sonnet 46 EssayPhysicality and Emotional Attachment in Shakespeares Sonnet 46 In Sonnet 46 of his works about the blond young man, William Shakespeare presents a unique view on the classic debate about physical lust versus emotional love. The poet struggles to d ecide if his feelings are based upon superficial desire and infatuation, represented by the eye (1), or true love independent of the physical world, symbolized by the heart (1). With a deft movement from violent imagery in the first two lines to the civilized language of law, Shakespeare dismisses the commonly accepted view of a battle between the eye and the heart. The diction of warfare denotes two very separate alien sides clashing in destructive confrontation. Shakespeare advances quickly away from such wording, setting his debate in the civilized context of a courtroom. While the parties engaged in a lawsuit are competing, they are not seeking the destruction of their opposition. A common bond exists between the two sides of a legal case, the bond of society. They are parts of the same whole, or they would not be bound by the laws of that whole. The same holds for the eye and the heart, as well as their metaphysical counterparts, lust and spiritual bonding. The eye and the heart are but organs that make up the body. Physical desire and emotional attraction are just aspects of the overlying concept of love. This is Shakespeares final point both physicality and emotional attachment combine to form the powerful force humans know as love. The opening quatrain of Sonnet 46 sets up the conflict of infatuation versus true love, acknowledging the classic view of a battle between opposing forces, but swiftly moving beyond such a black an... ...an iambic foot, As thus (13), allowing the third quatrain to flow directly into couplet. The poet also repeats the rhyme of part (13) and heart (14) from lines 12 and 10 of the third quatrain, tying the couplet even closer to the body of the poem. Shakespeare presents a common sense solution to the problem, declaring the entire conflict to be almost irrelevant. Lust is based on external aesthetic appeal, so the poet bestows the outward part (13) of the poems young object upon the eye. True love dra ws its strength from an internal bonding of spirits, and therefore Shakespeare deeds the inward love (14) to the heart. And these two halves together form love. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 46. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Eds. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. 2 vols. New York Norton, 2000. 1 1033.